The study identifies an autophagy pathway that degrades plasma membrane-derived clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) during hyperosmotic stress, helping maintain membrane tension as cell volume decreases. Using live imaging and correlative microscopy, the authors show that the TPLATE complex subunits AtEH1/Pan1 and AtEH2/Pan1 act as selective autophagy receptors by directly binding ATG8, thereby removing excess membrane under drought or salt conditions.

The study demonstrates that calcium-dependent protein kinases NbCDPK4 and NbCDPK5 directly phosphorylate the NADPH oxidase NbRBOHB at Ser‑123, enhancing sustained ROS production during effector-triggered immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana. Constitutively active CDPKs also upregulate NbRBOHB transcription, and phosphorylation of Ser‑123 is amplified by Ca2+ influx triggered by an autoactive helper NLR (NRC4). These results define a NbCDPK‑NbRBOHB signaling module that links NLR activation to prolonged ROS bursts in ETI.

The study investigates autophagy’s protective role against cadmium stress in Arabidopsis thaliana by comparing wild-type, atg5 and atg7 autophagy-deficient mutants, and ATG5/ATG7 overexpression lines. Cadmium exposure triggered autophagy, shown by ATG8a-PE accumulation, GFP-ATG8a fluorescence and ATG gene up-regulation, with atg5 mutants displaying heightened Cd sensitivity and disrupted metal ion homeostasis, whereas overexpression had limited impact. Genotype-specific differences between Col-0 and Ws backgrounds were also observed.

The study introduces a native‑condition method combining cell fractionation and immuno‑isolation to purify autophagic compartments from Arabidopsis, followed by proteomic and lipidomic characterisation of the isolated phagophore membranes. Proteomic profiling identified candidate proteins linked to autophagy, membrane remodeling, vesicular trafficking and lipid metabolism, while lipidomics revealed a predominance of glycerophospholipids, especially phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol, defining the unique composition of plant phagophores.

The study establishes a transient Agrobacterium-mediated expression platform in Nicotiana benthamiana to produce glycosylated irregular monoterpenes by enhancing DMAPP biosynthesis through co‑expression of DXS, IDI, and HMGR. Engineering of plastidial and cytoplasmic pathways, including a bacterial cyclolavandulyl diphosphate synthase, led to the accumulation of six novel glucoside derivatives, reaching up to 6.6 µmol g⁻¹ fresh weight, the highest reported for plant‑based production.

The study identifies the Arabidopsis phospholipases LCAT3 and LCAT4 as essential components that hydrolyze membranes of autophagic bodies within the vacuole, a critical step for autophagy completion. Double mutants lacking both enzymes accumulate autophagic bodies and display diminished autophagic activity, while in vivo reconstitution shows LCAT3 initiates membrane hydrolysis, facilitating LCAT4’s function.

The authors present a protocol for the large‑scale isolation of RNA‑binding proteins cross‑linked to RNA, involving in vivo UV‑crosslinking, tissue lysis, fractionation, and organic‑solvent purification of RNA‑protein adducts for downstream proteomics analysis. Although developed with Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, the method can be adapted to other plant species and tissues.

The study examined how osmotic stress and cytosolic Ca²⁺ signaling regulate autophagy in plants by monitoring the dynamics of RFP‑tagged ATG8i. Both stimuli altered the accumulation of RFP‑ATG8i‑labeled autophagosomes in an organ‑specific way, and colocalization with the ER marker HDEL indicated that ATG8i participates in ER‑phagy during stress.

The study used Nicotiana benthamiana lines expressing fluorescent biosensors for PI4P and PI(4,5)P2 to visualize root colonisation by the pathogen Phytophthora palmivora and the mutualist fungus Funneliformis mosseae. Distinct phosphoinositide patterns distinguished the two interactions, and co‑colonisation induced recruitment of PI4P to pathogen haustoria, correlating with increased resistance, indicating dynamic remodeling of host membrane identity.

The study reveals that vesicle trafficking components can both promote and restrict geminiviral infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. Using virus-induced gene silencing of eight trafficking regulators, silencing of NbSAR1 and NbAP-1γ enhanced systemic geminiviral DNA accumulation, whereas silencing of Nbδ‑COP, NbARF1, and clathrin genes nearly eliminated infection without affecting viral replication. These effects were specific to geminiviruses and suggest that endocytosis and retrograde transport are essential for systemic spread, while vacuolar/autophagy pathways may mediate antiviral defense.