The authors used a bottom‑up thermodynamic modelling framework to investigate how plants decode calcium signals, starting from Ca2+ binding to EF‑hand proteins and extending to higher‑order decoding modules. They identified six universal Ca2+-decoding modules that can explain variations in calcium sensitivity among kinases and provide a theoretical basis for interpreting calcium signal amplitude and frequency in plant cells.

The study demonstrates that FERONIA and phytochrome B physically interact with the NADPH oxidase RBOHD, and that FERONIA-mediated phosphorylation of phyB is essential for RBOHD-driven ROS production under excess light stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Additional membrane proteins CRK10 and PIP2;6 also associate with this complex, forming a plasma‑membrane assembly that integrates multiple signaling pathways to regulate stress‑induced ROS.

The study investigates how the receptor kinase FERONIA senses mechanical cues to regulate growth in Marchantia vegetative propagules, using microfluidic culture, osmotic perturbations, and cell wall polysaccharide analysis combined with a mathematical model of wall expansion. Results show that FERONIA independently controls tissue mechanical properties and growth rates through a positive feedback from elastic wall deformation and a negative feedback from wall expansion.