The study shows that the SnRK1 catalytic subunit KIN10 directs tissue-specific growth‑defense programs in Arabidopsis thaliana by reshaping transcriptomes. kin10 knockout mutants exhibit altered root transcription, reduced root growth, and weakened defense against Pseudomonas syringae, whereas KIN10 overexpression activates shoot defense pathways, increasing ROS and salicylic acid signaling at the cost of growth.

The study combined long‑read whole‑genome assembly, multi‑omics profiling (DNA methylation, mRNA, ribosome‑associated transcripts, tRNA abundance, and protein levels) in two Arabidopsis thaliana accessions to evaluate how genomic information propagates through the Central Dogma. Codon usage in gene sequences emerged as the strongest predictor of both mRNA and protein abundance, while methylation, tRNA levels, and ribosome‑associated transcripts contributed little additional information under stable conditions.

The study performed a comprehensive computational analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana proteome, classifying 48,359 proteins by melting temperature (Tm) and melting temperature index (TI) and linking thermal stability to amino acid composition, molecular mass, and codon usage. Machine‑learning and evolutionary analyses revealed that higher molecular mass and specific codon pairs correlate with higher Tm, and that gene duplication has driven the evolution of high‑Tm proteins, suggesting a genomic basis for stress resilience.

The study produced a chromosome-level genome assembly (544.7 Mb) for the wild rose Rosa lucieae and identified gene duplications and rapidly evolving stress‑response gene families likely underpinning its salt tolerance. Comparative analyses highlighted recent duplications and divergence of genes involved in stress signaling, homeostasis, and detoxification, providing a genomic resource for rose breeding.

The study surveyed 246 plant and algal genomes to examine the evolution and duplication of the chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) gene, revealing multiple independent duplications, especially in land plants. It also traced the emergence and conservation of the CAO regulatory degron sequence, showing poor conservation in chlorophytes, emergence in charophytes, and high conservation in embryophytes, thereby illuminating the evolutionary history of chlorophyll b biosynthesis.