The study investigates how miR394 influences flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana by combining transcriptomic profiling of mir394a mir394b double mutants with histological analysis of reporter lines. Bioinformatic analysis identified a novel lncRNA overlapping MIR394B (named MIRAST), and differential promoter activity of MIR394A and MIR394B suggests miR394 fine‑tunes flower development through transcription factor and chromatin remodeler regulation.

The study develops an updated genome-scale metabolic model of tomato leaf (CBZ_iSL3433) incorporating carbamazepine (CBZ) transformation reactions to simulate the pollutant's stress impact under phototrophic conditions. Constraint-based analysis predicts significant reductions in biomass and altered fluxes in nutrient assimilation and secondary metabolism, which are largely ameliorated by biostimulants such as proline, spermine, glycerol, and ethanol. This framework demonstrates a systems-level approach for screening strategies to mitigate pharmaceutical pollutant stress in crops.