The study identifies RAF24, a B4 Raf-like MAPKKK, as a novel regulator of flowering time in Arabidopsis, demonstrating that RAF24 controls the phosphorylation of the ubiquitin ligase HUB2 via SnRK2 kinases, thereby modulating H2Bub1 levels. Phospho‑mimetic and phospho‑ablative HUB2 mutants confirm that phosphorylation at S314 is critical for proper flowering timing.

The study investigates how cytosine methylation influences flowering time under drought stress in Arabidopsis thaliana, using the drm1 drm2 cmt3 triple mutant (ddc). Drought delayed flowering by one day in wild type but two days in ddc, coinciding with overexpression of BBX16/COL7 and BBX17/COL8 and down‑regulation of NF‑YA2, suggesting a trans‑acting methylation‑dependent regulatory network affecting FT induction.

The study investigates how miR394 influences flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana by combining transcriptomic profiling of mir394a mir394b double mutants with histological analysis of reporter lines. Bioinformatic analysis identified a novel lncRNA overlapping MIR394B (named MIRAST), and differential promoter activity of MIR394A and MIR394B suggests miR394 fine‑tunes flower development through transcription factor and chromatin remodeler regulation.