The authors used a bottom‑up thermodynamic modelling framework to investigate how plants decode calcium signals, starting from Ca2+ binding to EF‑hand proteins and extending to higher‑order decoding modules. They identified six universal Ca2+-decoding modules that can explain variations in calcium sensitivity among kinases and provide a theoretical basis for interpreting calcium signal amplitude and frequency in plant cells.

The study reveals that heat tolerance of meiotic division in Arabidopsis thaliana depends on sustained translation of cell‑cycle genes mediated by the protein TAM, which forms specialized condensates under high temperature. Natural variation was used to identify heat‑sensitive and heat‑tolerant TAM alleles, and boosting TAM translation with complementary peptides rescued heat‑induced meiotic defects, highlighting a potential mechanism driving polyploidisation under climate stress.