The study employed ultra large‑scale 2D clinostats to grow tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants beyond the seedling stage under simulated microgravity and upright control conditions across five sequential trials. Simulated microgravity consistently affected plant growth, but the magnitude and direction of the response varied among trials, with temperature identified as a significant co‑variant; moderate heat stress surprisingly enhanced growth under simulated microgravity. These results highlight the utility of large‑scale clinostats for dissecting interactions between environmental factors and simulated microgravity in plant development.

The authors used a bottom‑up thermodynamic modelling framework to investigate how plants decode calcium signals, starting from Ca2+ binding to EF‑hand proteins and extending to higher‑order decoding modules. They identified six universal Ca2+-decoding modules that can explain variations in calcium sensitivity among kinases and provide a theoretical basis for interpreting calcium signal amplitude and frequency in plant cells.

The study investigated metabolic responses of kale (Brassica oleracea) grown under simulated microgravity using a 2-D clinostat versus normal gravity conditions. LC‑MS data were analyzed with multivariate tools such as PCA and volcano plots to identify gravity‑related metabolic adaptations and potential molecular markers for spaceflight crop health.

The study demonstrates that the microtubule‑associated protein WDL4 is essential for PhyB‑dependent thermomorphogenic and photomorphogenic responses in Arabidopsis, as wdl4-3 mutants mimic phyB loss‑of‑function phenotypes under varying temperatures and light conditions. Genetic analyses reveal that PIF4 activity is required for wdl4-3 hypocotyl hyper‑elongation, and while exogenous auxin can rescue pif4‑related defects, it does not restore the wdl4-3 specific elongation, indicating additional regulatory layers.