The study investigates the subfunctionalization of duplicated GIGANTEA paralogs in Petunia x hybrida, focusing on PhGI2's role in floral transition. While RNAi silencing of PhGI2 caused mixed vegetative and reproductive phenotypes, CRISPR/Cas9-generated loss‑of‑function alleles showed that PhGI2 specifically promotes flowering without affecting vegetative growth or scent. The findings reveal that PhGI2 is essential for maintaining circadian gene expression dynamics and regulating flowering time, separating vegetative growth from reproductive timing.

The study examined how natural environmental cues, particularly temperature and light, adjust the circadian clock in a wild plant population, revealing that temperature cues can shift circadian timing and that light and temperature have unbalanced effects on clock entrainment across seasons. Genome-wide analyses combined with machine-learning interpretation uncovered extensive modulation of temperature responses by the clock, highlighting the plasticity of circadian timing under field conditions.

The study investigates the gene regulatory network (GRN) controlling flowering time in the allotetraploid crop Brassica napus by comparing its transcriptome to that of Arabidopsis thaliana. While most orthologous gene pairs show conserved expression dynamics, several flowering‑time genes display regulatory divergence, especially under cold conditions, indicating subfunctionalisation among paralogues. Despite these differences, the overall GRN topology remains similar to Arabidopsis, likely due to retention of multiple paralogues.

The study identifies the circadian clock component ELF3 as a temporal gatekeeper that limits hormone‑induced pericycle proliferation and lateral root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Time‑resolved transcriptomics, imaging, and genetic analyses show that ELF3 maintains rhythmic expression of key regulators via LNK1 and MADS‑box genes, and that loss of ELF3 disrupts this rhythm, enhancing callus growth and accelerating root organogenesis.

Parallel quantitative proteome and transcriptome time‑course profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that circadian clock genes, especially the morning‑expressed LHY/CCA1 module, exert extensive control over diel proteome rhythmicity, far exceeding their impact on the transcriptome. This control creates a bimodal phase distribution of rhythmic proteins that is lost in clock‑deficient mutants, indicating pervasive post‑translational regulation of gene expression by the circadian system.

The authors used a bottom‑up thermodynamic modelling framework to investigate how plants decode calcium signals, starting from Ca2+ binding to EF‑hand proteins and extending to higher‑order decoding modules. They identified six universal Ca2+-decoding modules that can explain variations in calcium sensitivity among kinases and provide a theoretical basis for interpreting calcium signal amplitude and frequency in plant cells.

The study investigates how a small molecule that lengthens circadian period can quantitatively adjust the critical day length required for flowering in monocot plants. By modulating the clock's timing, the researchers provide evidence supporting the external coincidence model of photoperiodic control.

The study phenotyped 287 Arabidopsis accessions with a seedling luciferase reporter to measure circadian period and performed a genome-wide association study that pinpointed several SNPs in the core clock gene ELF3. Three ELF3 haplogroups correlated with seasonal temperature variability and showed signatures of a recent selective sweep in Europe, implicating subtle ELF3 variation in climate adaptation.

The authors created a high‑throughput yeast two‑hybrid platform using Arabidopsis F‑box and U‑box E3 decoys to map E3‑substrate interactions, screening 283 E3 variants against 21 core circadian clock regulators and identifying 77 candidate pairs. They validated that PUB18 interacts with LHY and JMJD5, promotes their ubiquitination in planta, and that PUB18 and its homolog PUB19 redundantly regulate the circadian clock, demonstrating the utility of the decoy system for dissecting ubiquitination networks.

The study reveals that early PAMP-triggered immune responses, such as flg22‑induced FRK1 transcription and ROS production, are heightened at subjective dusk compared to dawn in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of the clock gene TOC1 dampens these defenses and increases susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae, while flg22 and elf18 treatments reset the rhythmic expression of core clock genes CCA1 and TOC1.