The study evaluated natural genetic variation in non-photochemical quenching and photoprotection across 861 sorghum accessions grown in the field over two years, revealing moderate to high broad-sense heritability for chlorophyll fluorescence traits. By integrating genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) and covariance analyses, the authors identified 110 high-confidence candidate genes underlying photoprotection, highlighting a complex, polygenic architecture for these traits.

The study examined how white lupin (Lupinus albus) cotyledons mobilize nitrogen and minerals during early seedling growth under nitrogen‑deficient conditions, revealing that 60 % of stored proteins degrade within eight days and are redirected to support development. Proteomic analyses showed dynamic shifts in nutrient transport, amino acid metabolism, and stress responses, and premature cotyledon removal markedly impaired growth, highlighting the cotyledon's essential role in nutrient supply and transient photosynthetic activity.

The study examined salt-induced alterations in root system architecture across a diverse panel of wild and cultivated tomato accessions, identifying tolerant varieties with distinct lateral root strategies. By combining Bulk Segregant Analysis of an F2 population with GWAS, the authors pinpointed 22 candidate genes, further narrowing to two key regulators through RNA‑Seq and functional assays involving ethylene and ROS profiling. These findings reveal genetic targets for improving salt resilience in tomato root development.

The study characterizes the protein composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, revealing enrichment of transmembrane proteins and RxLR effectors, while EV-independent secretions are dominated by cell wall–modifying enzymes. Two MARVEL‑domain proteins, PiMDP1 and PiMDP2, are identified as EV-associated markers that co‑localize with RxLR effectors, with PiMDP2 specifically accumulating at the haustorial interface during early infection, suggesting a role in effector delivery.

The study provides an in‑depth proteomic characterization of brewer's spent grain (BSG) and tracks proteome dynamics during malting and mashing, revealing that 29% of identified proteins change in abundance and that B3‑Hordein dominates the BSG protein pool. BSG contains a high proportion of intracellular proteins and over 45% of its proteins are potential allergens or antinutritional factors, underscoring the need for targeted downstream processing to create safe, functional food ingredients.

The study examined how genetic variation among 181 wheat (Triticum aestivum) lines influences root endophytic fungal communities using ITS2 metabarcoding. Heritability estimates and GWAS identified 11 QTLs linked to fungal clade composition, highlighting genetic control of mycobiota, especially for biotrophic AMF. These findings suggest breeding can be used to modulate beneficial root-fungal associations.

The study surveyed vegetative water use and life‑history traits across Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes in both controlled and outdoor environments to assess how climatic history shapes water‑use strategies. Trait‑climate correlations and genome‑wide association analyses uncovered that ecotypes from warmer regions exhibit higher water use, and identified MYB59 as a key gene whose temperature‑linked alleles affect water consumption, a finding validated using myb59 mutants. These results indicate that temperature‑driven adaptive differentiation partly explains intraspecific water‑use variation.

The study profiled the Arabidopsis apoplastic proteome during pattern‑triggered immunity induced by the flg22 peptide, using apoplastic washing fluid with minimal cytoplasmic contamination followed by LC‑MS/MS. Results showed consistent PTI‑specific enrichment and depletion of peptides, a bias toward ectodomain peptides of receptor‑like kinases, and increased abundance of the exosome marker tetraspanin 8, indicating heightened exosome levels during PTI.

The study performed ionomic profiling and genome-wide association studies on a diverse panel of pearl millet infield across two seasons to uncover genetic factors controlling nutrient acquisition. Soil analyses revealed stable depth-dependent patterns for phosphorus and zinc, while leaf ion concentrations showed high heritability and associations with root and agronomic traits. Integrating GWAS with gene expression data identified candidate ion transport/homeostasis genes for breeding nutrient-efficient, climate-resilient millet.