The study examined how DNA methylation influences cold stress priming in Arabidopsis thaliana, revealing that primed plants exhibit distinct gene expression and methylation patterns compared to non-primed plants. DNA methylation mutants, especially met1 lacking CG methylation, showed altered cold memory and misregulation of the CBF gene cluster, indicating that methylation ensures transcriptional precision during stress recall.

The authors used a bottom‑up thermodynamic modelling framework to investigate how plants decode calcium signals, starting from Ca2+ binding to EF‑hand proteins and extending to higher‑order decoding modules. They identified six universal Ca2+-decoding modules that can explain variations in calcium sensitivity among kinases and provide a theoretical basis for interpreting calcium signal amplitude and frequency in plant cells.

The study used Arabidopsis thaliana autoimmune (DANGEROUS MIX) mutants to dissect the growth–defence trade‑off, identifying two core transcriptomic modules that capture growth and defence programs. Genetic removal of the three ADR1 helper NLRs reversed module expression and preferentially restored growth‑related receptor‑like kinase genes, while chromatin accessibility changes were larger at growth loci, indicating that ADR1‑mediated immune signaling actively suppresses growth genes.