The study compared expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) families in the moss Physcomitrium patens and barley Hordeum vulgare under stress, highlighting distinct patterns especially in the GABA‑shunt‑related ALDH5, ALDH10 and ALDH21 families. Functional analyses—including kinetic assays, crystal structure determination of PpALDH5F1, and knockout mutants—revealed that loss of specific ALDH genes in moss impairs growth, alters GABA, glutamate and glutamine levels, and triggers up‑regulation of glutathione‑S‑transferase genes as a compensatory oxidative‑stress response.

The study profiled the maize (Zea mays) endosperm transcriptome for the first four days after pollination using laser-capture microdissection, revealing temporal co‑expression modules including a fertilization‑activated subset. Network analyses linked MYB‑related transcription factors to basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL) differentiation and E2F transcription factors, together with TOR‑dependent sugar sensing, to early endosperm proliferation and kernel size variation.

Using the bryophyte Physcomitrium patens, the study shows that loss of autophagy enhances auxin‑driven caulonemata differentiation and colony expansion under low nitrogen or imbalanced carbon/nitrogen conditions, accompanied by higher internal IAA, reduced PpPINA expression, and up‑regulated RSL transcription factors. Autophagy appears to suppress auxin‑induced differentiation during nutrient stress, acting as a hub that balances metabolic cues with hormonal signaling.

The authors used a bottom‑up thermodynamic modelling framework to investigate how plants decode calcium signals, starting from Ca2+ binding to EF‑hand proteins and extending to higher‑order decoding modules. They identified six universal Ca2+-decoding modules that can explain variations in calcium sensitivity among kinases and provide a theoretical basis for interpreting calcium signal amplitude and frequency in plant cells.

Using co-expression data from known mitotic genes, the authors screened 216 candidate genes in the bryophyte Physcomitrium patens via CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis and protein localization analyses, uncovering three novel plant-specific cell‑division gene families (CYR, LACH, SpinMi). Functional characterization with high‑resolution imaging revealed distinct roles in cytokinesis, chromosome segregation, and spindle/phragmoplast midzone assembly, suggesting these genes arose during land plant evolution.

RNA sequencing of the halophyte Salicornia europaea revealed that combined hypoxia‑salt stress triggers a unique transcriptional response, with 16% of genes specifically altered and distinct synergistic, antagonistic, and additive effects across functional pathways. Metabolic analyses indicated enhanced sucrose and trehalose metabolism, a shift toward lactate fermentation, and increased proline synthesis, highlighting complex regulatory strategies for coping with concurrent stresses.

The study presents a surface‑triangulation method based on fluorescent marker points to infer cell‑wall elasticity in tip‑growing cells, overcoming limitations of axisymmetric assumptions. Simulations using Physcomitrium patens tip cells demonstrate that increased triangulation resolution and sampling of ~10 cells improve robustness against experimental noise, enabling reliable detection of elasticity gradients when tip strains are sufficiently large.

In a controlled dry-down experiment, Arabis sagittata showed significantly higher recovery from drought than the endangered Arabis nemorensis, a difference that could not be traced to a single major QTL, indicating a polygenic basis. Transcriptome and small‑RNA sequencing revealed that A. sagittata mounts a stronger transcriptional response, including species‑specific regulation of the conserved drought miRNA miR408, and machine‑learning identified distinct cis‑regulatory motif patterns underlying these divergent stress‑response networks.

The study examined whether colonisation by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis primes immune responses in barley against the leaf rust pathogen Puccinia hordei. While AMF did not affect disease severity or plant growth, co‑infected leaves showed heightened expression of defence genes and transcriptome reprogramming, including altered protein ubiquitination, indicating a priming mechanism. These results highlight transcriptional and post‑translational pathways through which AMF can enhance barley disease resistance for sustainable crop protection.

The study characterizes a paralogous desaturase in the moss Physcomitrium patens, demonstrating that these enzymes (renamed VFADs) influence both sphingolipid and glycerolipid metabolism by desaturating very‑long‑chain fatty acyl‑CoA substrates. Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mutant analysis confirm activity on VLCFAs incorporated into sphingolipids, triacylglycerols, and acyl‑CoAs, suggesting a broader substrate scope than previously thought.