The authors used a bottom‑up thermodynamic modelling framework to investigate how plants decode calcium signals, starting from Ca2+ binding to EF‑hand proteins and extending to higher‑order decoding modules. They identified six universal Ca2+-decoding modules that can explain variations in calcium sensitivity among kinases and provide a theoretical basis for interpreting calcium signal amplitude and frequency in plant cells.

The study examines how ectopic accumulation of methionine in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, driven by a deregulated AtCGS transgene under a seed‑specific promoter, reshapes metabolism, gene expression, and DNA methylation. High‑methionine lines exhibit increased amino acids and sugars, activation of stress‑hormone pathways, and reduced expression of DNA methyltransferases, while low‑methionine lines show heightened non‑CG methylation without major transcriptional changes. Integrated transcriptomic and methylomic analyses reveal a feedback loop linking sulfur‑carbon metabolism, stress adaptation, and epigenetic regulation.

The study reveals that brassinosteroids activate phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) by promoting dephosphorylation of conserved Ser-62 and Thr-66 residues, a process antagonized by the GSK3-like kinase BIN2. BR‑deficient Arabidopsis mutants exhibit reduced PCK activity, while phospho‑blocking mutations confer BR‑independent activation and enhanced seedling growth, and similar regulatory mechanisms are observed in maize and sorghum leaves.

The study investigated how brassinosteroids and their inhibitor affect G-fiber development and the twining habit in common bean by applying hormones, then analyzing anatomical, biochemical, and transcriptomic changes. Brassinosteroid treatment produced elongated internodes with thin-walled G‑fibers, while inhibition yielded short internodes with thick G‑fibers, both linked to differential expression of XTH genes and xyloglucan remodeling in the G‑layer.

The study quantitatively measures binding kinetics of four Arabidopsis thaliana brassinosteroid receptors with fifteen BRs, identifying chemical features required for high‑affinity binding and co‑receptor recognition. Structural analysis of BR‑bound receptor ectodomains combined with extensive in vitro and in vivo mutagenesis reveals a highly plastic hormone‑binding pocket, and functional assays with structure‑based agonists and antagonists show that receptor‑co‑receptor complexes can accommodate chemically diverse BRs, adding a new regulatory layer to BR signaling.

The study shows that the SnRK1 catalytic subunit KIN10 directs tissue-specific growth‑defense programs in Arabidopsis thaliana by reshaping transcriptomes. kin10 knockout mutants exhibit altered root transcription, reduced root growth, and weakened defense against Pseudomonas syringae, whereas KIN10 overexpression activates shoot defense pathways, increasing ROS and salicylic acid signaling at the cost of growth.