The authors used a bottom‑up thermodynamic modelling framework to investigate how plants decode calcium signals, starting from Ca2+ binding to EF‑hand proteins and extending to higher‑order decoding modules. They identified six universal Ca2+-decoding modules that can explain variations in calcium sensitivity among kinases and provide a theoretical basis for interpreting calcium signal amplitude and frequency in plant cells.

The study optimized three wheat transformation methods—immature embryo, callus, and in planta injection—by systematically adjusting Agrobacterium strain, bacterial density, acetosyringone concentration, and incubation conditions, achieving transformation efficiencies up to 66.84%. Using these protocols, CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of the negative regulator TaARE1-D produced mutants with increased grain number, spike length, grain size, and a stay‑green phenotype, demonstrating the platform’s potential to accelerate yield and stress‑tolerance improvements in wheat.