The study reveals that rice perceives Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae outer membrane vesicles through a rapid calcium signal that triggers plasma‑membrane nanodomain formation and the re‑organisation of defence‑related proteins, establishing an early immune response. Without this Ca2+ signal, OMVs are not recognized and immunity is weakened.

The study examines how ectopic accumulation of methionine in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, driven by a deregulated AtCGS transgene under a seed‑specific promoter, reshapes metabolism, gene expression, and DNA methylation. High‑methionine lines exhibit increased amino acids and sugars, activation of stress‑hormone pathways, and reduced expression of DNA methyltransferases, while low‑methionine lines show heightened non‑CG methylation without major transcriptional changes. Integrated transcriptomic and methylomic analyses reveal a feedback loop linking sulfur‑carbon metabolism, stress adaptation, and epigenetic regulation.

The study provides a comprehensive proteomic analysis of seed mitochondria from white lupin, revealing fully assembled OXPHOS complexes ready for immediate energy production upon imbibition. Quantitative mass‑spectrometry identified 1,162 mitochondrial proteins, highlighting tissue‑specific transporter and dehydrogenase profiles and dynamic remodeling during early germination, while many uncharacterized proteins suggest novel legume‑specific functions.

The study used X-ray fluorescence and histochemistry to map conserved metal accumulation sites in diverse fruit crops, revealing calcium in outer tissues, potassium in fleshy parts, and iron in vascular and chalazal seed regions. In Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato, chalazal iron formed distinct deposits that influenced germination, as shown by desferoxamine treatments and mutant analyses. These findings introduce fruit metal hotspots as novel targets for improving fruit physiology and food security.

The study isolated outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from the beneficial bacterium Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN and demonstrated their direct interaction and membrane fusion with root hairs and epidermal cells of Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato using fluorescent labeling and confocal microscopy. These results suggest that bacterial OMVs may play a crucial role in early root colonization and the establishment of symbiotic relationships, offering potential for eco‑friendly agricultural applications.

The study shows that the SnRK1 catalytic subunit KIN10 directs tissue-specific growth‑defense programs in Arabidopsis thaliana by reshaping transcriptomes. kin10 knockout mutants exhibit altered root transcription, reduced root growth, and weakened defense against Pseudomonas syringae, whereas KIN10 overexpression activates shoot defense pathways, increasing ROS and salicylic acid signaling at the cost of growth.