The study examined how polyploidy, hybridization, and incomplete lineage sorting affect phylogenetic reconstructions in the genus Packera, evaluating several published paralog‑processing pipelines. Results showed that the choice of orthology and paralog handling methods markedly altered tree topology, time‑calibrated phylogenies, biogeographic histories, and detection of ancient reticulation, underscoring the need for careful methodological selection alongside comprehensive taxon sampling.

The study applied non‑stationary generalized Pareto distributions, rooted in extreme value theory, to estimate how the risk of low yields for major crops changes over time under climate change. Analyses of global (1961‑2022) and Japanese (1948/1958‑2020) yield datasets revealed increasing low‑yield risk for most crops and regions, with only Japanese wheat showing a mitigating trend, and simulation tests confirmed the models' general accuracy, which depends on dataset size.