The study employed ultra large‑scale 2D clinostats to grow tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants beyond the seedling stage under simulated microgravity and upright control conditions across five sequential trials. Simulated microgravity consistently affected plant growth, but the magnitude and direction of the response varied among trials, with temperature identified as a significant co‑variant; moderate heat stress surprisingly enhanced growth under simulated microgravity. These results highlight the utility of large‑scale clinostats for dissecting interactions between environmental factors and simulated microgravity in plant development.

The study examined how DNA methylation influences cold stress priming in Arabidopsis thaliana, revealing that primed plants exhibit distinct gene expression and methylation patterns compared to non-primed plants. DNA methylation mutants, especially met1 lacking CG methylation, showed altered cold memory and misregulation of the CBF gene cluster, indicating that methylation ensures transcriptional precision during stress recall.

The study used paired whole‑genome bisulphite sequencing and RNA‑seq on wheat landraces to investigate how DNA methylation patterns change during drought stress, revealing antagonistic trends across cytosine contexts and a key demethylation role for ROS1a family members. Gene‑body methylation correlated positively with expression but negatively with stress‑responsive changes, while drought‑induced hyper‑methylation of specific transposable elements, especially the RLX_famc9 LTR retrotransposon, appears to modulate downstream gene regulation via siRNA precursors.

The study integrated 16 Arabidopsis thaliana whole‑genome bisulfite sequencing datasets from 13 stress experiments using a unified bioinformatic pipeline to map common and stress‑specific DNA methylation changes. Differentially methylated regions varied by stress type and methylation context, with CG DMRs enriched in gene bodies and CHG/CHH DMRs in transposable elements, some of which overlapped loci prone to stable epimutations. Gene ontology and TE enrichment analyses highlighted shared stress pathways and suggest environmental stress can generate heritable epigenetic variation.

High-quality PacBio HiFi draft genome assemblies were generated for three Bouteloua species (B. curtipendula, B. gracilis, B. eriopoda) with >98.5% BUSCO completeness. Gene prediction with Helixer produced inflated gene counts likely reflecting polyploidy and fragmented predictions, and panEDTA identified 25–40% transposable-element content dominated by LTR retrotransposons. These assemblies provide foundational references for comparative genomics within PACMAD grasses.

The study investigated metabolic responses of kale (Brassica oleracea) grown under simulated microgravity using a 2-D clinostat versus normal gravity conditions. LC‑MS data were analyzed with multivariate tools such as PCA and volcano plots to identify gravity‑related metabolic adaptations and potential molecular markers for spaceflight crop health.

The study adapted high‑throughput transposable‑element sequencing and introduced the deNOVOEnrich pipeline to map somatic TE insertions in Arabidopsis thaliana, uncovering ~200,000 new events across wild‑type and epigenetic mutant lines. Somatic integration is non‑random and TE‑specific, with families like ONSEN, EVADE, and AtCOPIA21 preferentially targeting chromosomal arms, genic regions, and chromatin marked by H2A.Z, H3K27me3, and H3K4me1, especially near environmentally‑responsive genes such as resistance loci and biosynthetic clusters.

The study examined transposable element (TE) silencing in the duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza, which exhibits unusually low DNA methylation, scarce 24‑nt siRNAs, and missing RdDM components. While degenerated TEs lack DNA methylation and H3K9me2, they retain heterochromatin marks H3K9me1 and H3K27me1, whereas the few intact TEs show high DNA methylation and H3K9me2, indicating a shift in RdDM focus toward potentially active TEs and suggesting heterochromatin can be maintained independently of DNA methylation in flowering plants.