The study characterizes a radiation‑induced root‑suppressed (Rs) mutant in tomato that displays dwarfism and pleiotropic defects in leaves, flowers, and fruits. Metabolite profiling and rescue with H2S donors implicate disrupted sulfur metabolism, and whole‑genome sequencing identifies promoter mutations in two root‑meristem‑specific sulfotransferase genes as likely contributors to the root phenotype.

The study introduced charge-altering mutations into the N‑terminal region of Lhcb2 in Arabidopsis thaliana lacking native Lhcb2 to assess how intrinsic charge affects LHCII phosphorylation, state‑transition efficiency, and PSI‑LHCII complex formation. The R2E mutation drastically reduced Lhcb1/2 phosphorylation, impaired state transitions, and prevented PSI‑LHCII assembly, whereas the Q9E mutation had no measurable impact, and neither mutation altered thylakoid ultrastructure. Residual state transitions in the R2E line suggest that other Stn7 substrates can partially compensate for the loss of Lhcb2 phosphorylation.

The study identifies members of the REMORIN protein family as inhibitors of plasma membrane H⁺‑ATPases, leading to extracellular pH alkalinization that modulates cell surface processes such as steroid hormone signaling and coordinates root developmental transitions in Arabidopsis thaliana. This inhibition represents an ancient mechanism predating root evolution, suggesting that extracellular pH patterning has shaped plant morphogenesis.

The study examined how DNA methylation influences cold stress priming in Arabidopsis thaliana, revealing that primed plants exhibit distinct gene expression and methylation patterns compared to non-primed plants. DNA methylation mutants, especially met1 lacking CG methylation, showed altered cold memory and misregulation of the CBF gene cluster, indicating that methylation ensures transcriptional precision during stress recall.

The study examines how ectopic accumulation of methionine in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, driven by a deregulated AtCGS transgene under a seed‑specific promoter, reshapes metabolism, gene expression, and DNA methylation. High‑methionine lines exhibit increased amino acids and sugars, activation of stress‑hormone pathways, and reduced expression of DNA methyltransferases, while low‑methionine lines show heightened non‑CG methylation without major transcriptional changes. Integrated transcriptomic and methylomic analyses reveal a feedback loop linking sulfur‑carbon metabolism, stress adaptation, and epigenetic regulation.

The study reveals that brassinosteroids activate phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) by promoting dephosphorylation of conserved Ser-62 and Thr-66 residues, a process antagonized by the GSK3-like kinase BIN2. BR‑deficient Arabidopsis mutants exhibit reduced PCK activity, while phospho‑blocking mutations confer BR‑independent activation and enhanced seedling growth, and similar regulatory mechanisms are observed in maize and sorghum leaves.

The study generated deep proteome and phosphoproteome datasets from guard cell‑enriched tissue to examine how phosphorylation regulates stomatal movements. Comparative analysis revealed increased phosphorylation of endomembrane trafficking and vacuolar proteins in closed stomata, supporting a role for phospho‑regulated trafficking in stomatal dynamics.

The study identifies EPP1 as a fourth, conserved component of the ancestral common symbiosis pathway required for intracellular plant–microbe interactions, showing that its loss impairs arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization across diverse plant clades. EPP1 is phosphorylated by the plasma‑membrane receptor SYRMK, and this modification is essential for downstream activation of the nuclear kinase CCaMK, positioning EPP1 upstream in the signaling cascade.

The study demonstrates that ABI5‑Binding Proteins (AFPs) interact with multiple components of the core ABA signaling pathway and serve as substrates for SnRK2 kinases and PP2C phosphatases, linking them to MAP kinases and 14‑3‑3 proteins. Phosphorylation of AFP2, promoted by ABA, stabilizes the protein and influences its subcellular localization, thereby modulating its ability to inhibit ABA responses during seed germination.

The study profiled root transcriptomes of Arabidopsis wild type and etr1 gain-of-function (etr1-3) and loss-of-function (etr1-7) mutants under ethylene or ACC treatment, identifying 4,522 ethylene‑responsive transcripts, including 553 that depend on ETR1 activity. ETR1‑dependent genes encompassed ethylene biosynthesis enzymes (ACO2, ACO3) and transcription factors, whose expression was further examined in an ein3eil1 background, revealing that both ETR1 and EIN3/EIL1 pathways regulate parts of the network controlling root hair proliferation and lateral root formation.