The study examines how the SnRK1 catalytic subunit KIN10 integrates carbon availability with root growth regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Loss of KIN10 reduces glucose‑induced inhibition of root elongation and triggers widespread transcriptional reprogramming of metabolic and hormonal pathways, notably affecting auxin and jasmonate signaling under sucrose supplementation. These findings highlight KIN10 as a central hub linking energy status to developmental and environmental cues in roots.

The study inoculated a range of fern species with diverse microbes, revealing varied disease responses including non‑host and specific resistance, with Pteris vittata showing the broadest pathogen compatibility. Bioinformatic genome mining uncovered a rich repertoire of fern immune receptors, including numerous RLKs/RLPs and a novel class of NLRs (disN‑NLR), suggesting conserved and unique components of plant immunity in ferns.