The authors used computational simulations of plant cellular metabolism under historical atmospheric conditions to demonstrate that reduced CO₂ and increased aridity can drive the evolutionary transition from C₃ to CAM photosynthesis. Their results suggest that while future elevated CO₂ may favor a reversion to C₃-like behavior, drought consistently promotes CAM regardless of CO₂ or temperature, and a minimum O₂ level is required for nocturnal respiration in CAM.

The study demonstrates that subfamily I ethylene receptors form the core ethylene‑sensing module and act epistatically over subfamily II receptors, uniquely possessing Ca2+‑permeable channel activity that drives ethylene‑induced cytosolic calcium influx. This reveals a mechanistic link whereby subfamily I receptors integrate hormone perception with calcium signaling in plants.

The study employed immunofluorescence labeling and fluorescence intensity quantification to examine tissue-specific cellular modifications in plants under drought stress, revealing targeted alterations in proteoglycans, polysaccharides, and AGPs in leaves and roots. These findings highlight the importance of in planta analyses for accurately capturing stress-induced structural changes.

The study used high-resolution chemical imaging to map cell-type specific metabolic changes in plant roots inoculated with a nine-strain endophyte consortium under drought, revealing that endophytes differentially alter root metabolomes across spatial domains. Machine learning identified metabolites and exudates predictive of drought and endophyte treatment, and correlation analyses showed dynamic endophyte–metabolite relationships under stress.

The study used quantitative proteomics and co‑fractionation mass spectrometry to uncover rapid ethylene‑induced changes in protein abundance and complex formation during early seedling development, revealing extensive protein multimerization events that correlate with hypocotyl growth modulation. Small‑scale validation confirmed several identified proteins impact hypocotyl development, highlighting novel components of ethylene‑mediated growth regulation.

The study engineered plastid-targeted genetically encoded biosensors to visualize several phosphoinositide species (PI3P, PI4P, PI5P, PI(4,5)P2, PI(3,5)P2) within chloroplasts and confirmed their specificity via immunological assays. Co‑expression with PPI‑modifying enzymes revealed altered biosensor distribution, an association between PI3P and the chloroplast protein VIPP1, and that elevated PPI levels under stress change localization and increase drought sensitivity, highlighting PPIs in plant stress responses.